CLASS 6 Material Preparation Guide

Class 6: Tough, Hard Non-Ferrous Metals

Class 6 materials include titanium, Inconel, nickel-based superalloys, and cobalt alloys—recognized for their strength, corrosion resistance, and performance in extreme environments. These alloys are used in aerospace, energy, medical implants, and advanced manufacturing. Metallographic preparation is typically routine but benefits from controlled polishing to maintain phase contrast and minimize surface oxidation.

Hardness Range
200–400 HV (varies by alloy and condition)
Typical Materials
Titanium Alloys, Inconel, Ni-Cr Alloys, Superalloys, Cobalt Alloys
Preparation Challenge
Oxidation & Phase Contrast

Material Categories

Titanium Alloys

Common Grades
  • Ti-6Al-4V
  • CP Titanium
  • Beta Titanium Alloys
Key Features
  • High strength-to-weight ratio
  • Biocompatible and corrosion resistant
  • Distinct α and β phase regions

Nickel & Cobalt Superalloys

Examples
  • Inconel 718
  • Hastelloy
  • Stellite
Key Features
  • Excellent high-temp performance
  • Oxidation and corrosion resistant
  • Gamma prime precipitates

Nickel-Chromium Alloys

Common Types
  • Ni-Cr Fe Alloys
  • Nickel-Chrome Resistors
  • Corrosion-resistant pipe alloys
Considerations
  • Homogeneity may vary
  • May require extended polishing
  • Etching can be subtle

Preparation Guide

Key Preparation Challenges

Surface Oxidation

Reactive metals like titanium can oxidize quickly, especially during grinding or prolonged polishing.

Etching Control

Revealing microstructure in Ni-based and Ti alloys may require tailored etchants and timing precision.

Phase Contrast

Fine precipitates and dual-phase structures require careful prep to highlight morphology without overpolishing.

Relief Development

Polishing may introduce topographical relief between matrix and intermetallics, requiring cloth and pressure adjustment.

Recommended Preparation Steps

Sectioning

Use low-speed diamond saws with coolant to minimize heat and oxidation. Avoid thermal damage near edges.

Mounting

Compression or castable mounting works well. Orientation may help expose grain structure or phase boundaries.

Grinding

Start with SiC or alumina abrasives. Use moderate force and rinse thoroughly to reduce oxidation buildup.

Polishing

Use diamond suspension followed by colloidal silica. Adjust cloth type to reduce relief and maintain contrast.

Quality Verification

Microstructure appears free of polishing relief

Distinct phases visible with minimal overetching

Oxidation artifacts are absent across the field

Gamma prime or alpha-beta regions are clear