CLASS 2 Material Preparation Guide

Class 2: Very Soft Low Ductility Materials

Class 2 materials include refractory and precious metals that, while having high melting points, are often soft and challenging to prepare metallographically. These materials tend to embed abrasives, deform easily, and contaminate subsequent steps. Careful abrasive selection and intermediate cleaning are critical to successful preparation.

Hardness Range
Typically below 200 HV
Typical Materials
Tungsten, Rhenium, Niobium, Molybdenum, Gold, Silver, Platinum
Preparation Challenge
Abrasive Embedding & Contamination

Material Categories

Refractory Metals

Common Materials
  • Tungsten (W)
  • Rhenium (Re)
  • Niobium (Nb)
  • Molybdenum (Mo)
Key Features
  • High melting points
  • Soft and ductile under prep conditions
  • Prone to embedding and contamination

Precious Metals

Common Materials
  • Gold (Au)
  • Silver (Ag)
  • Platinum (Pt)
Key Features
  • Soft and malleable
  • Reactive to abrasives
  • High value—prep precision critical

Rare Earths

Example Elements
  • Lanthanum (La)
  • Cerium (Ce)
  • Neodymium (Nd)
Key Considerations
  • Oxidation sensitivity
  • Low hardness under prep
  • Challenging chemical stability

Preparation Guide

Key Preparation Challenges

Abrasive Embedding

Fractured SiC or loose abrasives can embed easily, especially in soft refractory metals.

Surface Contamination

Embedded particles can carry over between steps, introducing prep artifacts or cross-contamination.

Smearing & Deformation

Softness leads to surface smearing, masking microstructural detail without proper polishing.

Edge Rounding

Maintaining sharp edges during polishing is difficult; requires low-force polishing and careful cloth selection.

Recommended Preparation Steps

Sectioning

Use low-speed diamond wafering saws with coolant to prevent work hardening or surface drag.

Mounting

Use castable resins to minimize heat and pressure. Edge retention is key for soft, valuable specimens.

Grinding

Use alumina abrasives instead of SiC. Rinse and chemically etch between steps to remove embedded grit.

Polishing

Finish with diamond or alumina on low-nap cloths. Use minimal pressure and short cycles to avoid smearing.

Quality Verification

Check for clean, grit-free surfaces between steps

Verify microstructure clarity with minimal deformation

Ensure edge features are retained without rounding

Confirm no smear artifacts under magnification